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Tara Chand ¹, Manoj Kr. Sharma ², Fanish Kr. Pandey ³, Chaitali Chakraborty ³

Affiliations
1 National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, IN
2 Dabur Pvt. Ltd., Ghaziabad, IN
3 ITS, Paramedical College, Ghaziabad, IN

Abstract

The different extracts obtained from leaves, fruit, seeds, flower and stem of Calotropis gigantea were screened for its anti microbial and phytochemical activities. Ethanol and distilled water solvents were used for the extractions from these parts. The extract was tested against infectious diseases causing fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the Agar well diffusion method. The Ethanol extract from the leaves of Calotropis gigantea showed more activity against fungus like Candida albicans zone of diameter 23.35 mm and bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa zone of diameters (in mm) were 22.50, 21.10, 30.08 and 19.70 respectively when compared with the extract obtained from other parts of C. gigantea such as fruit, seeds, flower and stem. In this study, both in bacteria and fungi Ethanol extract obtained from leaves showed a varying degree of inhibition of the growth of tested organism than extracts obtained from other parts of C. gigantea. The results confirmed that maximum presence of Antifungal and Antibacterial activity in the ethanol extract obtained from leaves of C. gigantea against the human pathogenic organisms.

Keywords

Antimicrobial Activity, Ethanol Extract, Leaves, Stem, Flower, Seed and Fruit.

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Tara Chand ¹, Fanish K. Pandey ², Manoj K. Sharma ³

Affiliations
1 CMJ University, Meghalaya, IN
2 Noida International University, Noida, IN
3 Dabur India Limited, Ghaziabad, IN

Abstract

At present almost all the pectinolytic enzymes used for industrial applications are produced by fungi. In this study we produce pectinase from biowaste (orange peels) by solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger at 30°C and pH 4.5. Production of this enzyme was affected by nature of solid substrate, level of moisture content, presence or absence of carbon, nitrogen, mineral and vitamin supplements to obtain the maximum yield of Pectinase. Maximum enzyme production was obtained from dry substrate in the comparison to wet substrate supplemented with other enzymes like cellulase, amylase in small amount with water at 75% moisture level, after 72hrs of incubation at 30°C. In this work 60% Pectinase was obtained from dry biomass (orange peels).

Keywords

Solid-State Fermentation, A. niger, Orange Peels, Pectinase.

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Tara Chand ¹, Fanish K. Pandey ², Shruti Dhingra ³, Manoj K. Sharma ⁴

Affiliations
1 CMJ University, Meghalaya, IN
2 Noida International University, Greater Noida, IN
3 Delhi University, New Delhi, IN
4 Dabur India Ltd., Ghaziabad, IN

Abstract

In this study the production of cellulases from Aspergillus niger by solid state fermentation was performed using bio wastes viz; sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran. One factor at a time approach was used to optimize the variables such as pH, substrate ratio and temperature. A maximum of 988.2 IU/gm activity of enzyme is observed at substrates ratio of 2:1 (sugarcane bagasse: wheat bran) at 30°C and pH 5 after 5 days incubation. The high cost of production of Cellulotic enzymes has hindered the industrial application of cellulose bioconversion. Hence, this study showed an effective utilization of sugarcane bagasse for the production of cellulotic enzymes which could be effectively used in degradation of cellulose into smaller glucose units in a cost effective manner.

Keywords

Sugarcane Bagasse, Wheat Bran, Aspergillus niger, Cellulase, Cellulose.

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Tara Chand ¹, Fanish K. Pandey ², Shruti Dhingra ³, Manoj K. Sharma ⁴

Affiliations
1 CMJ University, Meghalaya, IN
2 Noida International University, Greater Noida, IN
3 Delhi University, New Delhi, IN
4 Microbiology Lab., Dabur India Ltd. Ghaziabad, IN

Abstract

In this study the production of cellulases from Aspergillus niger by solid state fermentation was performed using bio wastes viz; sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran. One factor at a time approach was used to optimize the variables such as pH, substrate ratio and temperature. A maximum of 988.2 IU/gm activity of enzyme is observed at substrates ratio of 2:1 (sugarcane bagasse: wheat bran) at 30°C and pH 5 after 5 days incubation. The high cost of production of Cellulotic enzymes has hindered the industrial application of cellulose bioconversion. Hence, this study showed an effective utilization of sugarcane bagasse for the production of cellulotic enzymes which could be effectively used in degradation of cellulose into smaller glucose units in a cost effective manner.

Keywords

Sugarcane Bagasse, Wheat Bran, Aspergillus niger, Cellulase, Cellulose.

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Vikas Thakur ¹, Tara Chand ², Meenu Sood ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Forest Product, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ. of Hort. & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), IN
2 Dept. Silvi Culture & Agro Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ. of Hort. & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to determine effect of spacing on growth and yield of Viola pilosa at UHF, Nauni-Solan during 2002-2003. Study revealed that maximum plant height (19.72 cm) was found in 20×20 cm spacing, which was significantly superior all other spacings. Similarly, number of leaves (19.74), number of flowers (2.32) and fresh and dry flower weight (0.20 and 0.07 g,). The values for yield parameters viz., fresh and dry flower yield (150.0 and 40.0 kg/ha) and fresh and dry herb yield (397.90 and 99.47 q/ha) were maximum in 10×10 cm spacing. The values decreased with the further increase in spacing and minimum yield was obtained at the wider spacing of 30×30 cm.

Keywords

Viola pilosa, Biofertilizers, Growth, Yield, Spacing.

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Parmanand Kumar ¹, Ranjeet Singh ¹, Hukum Singh ¹, Tara Chand ¹, N. Bala ¹

Affiliations
1 Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 248 006, IN

Abstract

In this study, the soil CO₂ efflux was measured by closed dynamic system method along with soil and meteorological parameters at 1600, 1700 and 1800 m elevations along different directional-aspects over a period of one year. The annual CO₂ efflux rate (F_c) varied from 1.02 to 22.57 μmol m^–2 sec^–1, which was highest in the rainy season. The annual average F_c was maximum (8.67 μmol m^–2 sec^–1) at east facing slope followed by 7.58 and 7.32 μmol m^–2 sec^–1 at south facing slope and north facing slope respectively. Temperature (T_s), moisture (S_m) and evaporation of soil were found to be significant variables and selected to develop the regression model with R² value of 0.85. The effect of soil moisture on F_c above 15°C T_s exhibited a better relationship with R² value of 0.48 and temperature sensitivity (Q10) was found 3.25. This study reveals that the key controlling factors of CO₂ efflux rate are soil moisture and soil temperature, which explains 66% variation in soil CO₂ efflux.

Keywords

Seasonal Variation, Soil CO₂ Efflux, Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Spatial Variation, West Himalayas.

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